Verbs / Eylemler

Verbs / Eylemler

Eylemlerin birincil görevi çeşitli zamanları anlatmak için çekime girmektir. The Simple Present ve The Simple Past dışında zamanları oluşturmak için eylemlerle birlikte yardımcı eylem ya da kiplikler de kullanılır. Aşağıdaki örneklerde zamanı gös­teren sözcükler siyah yazılmıştır. (Zaman zarflarına da dikkat ediniz.)

The Present Continuous

I'm writing now. (Şimdi-yazı-yazıyorum.)

You are writing.

He is reading a book.

She is playing tennis.

They are listening to the radio.

They are sleeping.

The purchasing power of money is decreasing.    

                            

The Simple Present

I always get up early. (Ben her zaman erken kalkarım.)

He always gets up late.

We never drink coffee at night.

My friend usually works hard.

Do you drink tea in the morning?

Does she like music?

The scientist uses reliable instruments.

The Past Continuous

I was going home when I met you. (Size rastladığımda eve gidiyordum.)

She was cooking when you phoned.

They were sleeping when you came.

While we were reading, she was having lunch.

The Simple Past

I wrote a letter yesterday. (Dün bir mektup yazdım.)

She cooked well.

They enjoyed the party.

Did he go to Istanbul?

Did you finish your assignment?

The cost of living index rose 90 % last year.

The Simple Future

I'll write a letter tomorrow? (Yarın mektup yazacağım.)

He'll buy a car next year.

We will (shall) help him.

The cabinet will probably meet tomorrow.

The Future Continuous

I'll be going to Istanbul tomorrow. (Yarın İstanbul'a gidiyor olacağım.)

She will be cooking all afternoon.

We'll be staying at home all evening.

My friend will be waiting for you at Esenboğa airport.

The Present Perfect

I have just seen him. (Onu biraz önce gördüm.)

You have missed the bus (Otobüsü kaçırdınız.)

He has written an interesting story.

Many holiday villages have been built in the southern part of Turkey.

The Present Perfect Continuous

I have been learning English since 1975. {1975'ten beri ingilizce öğren­mekteyim.)

He has been reading for three hours.

She's been singing for ten minutes.

The Past Perfect

You had worked hard before the exam. (Sınavdan önce çok çalışmıştınız.)

He hadn't expect such a thing.

They said they had forgotten to bring the book.

The king had deposited a lot of money in the foreign banks.

The Past Perfect Continuous

I had been working hard. (Çok çalışmaktaydım.)

 She had been trying to understand what had happend.

The Future Perfect

I'll have finished this book by tomorrow. (Bu kitabı yarına kadar bitirmiş olacağım.)

We shall have completed the school by 1989.

She will have prepared the meal by 5 o'clock.

The Future Perfect Continuous

He will have been learning English for over ten years.

(On yıldan daha uzun süredir İngilizce öğreniyor olmuş olacak.)

We'll have been playing for two hours by 6 o'clock.

Zamanlarla edilgen çatı (passive voice) örnekleri

1)     Edilgen çatıya dönüştürülebilmesi için eylemin geçişli olması, başka bir anlatımla nesne alan türde olması
              gerekir. Edilgen çatıya dönüşürken nesne özne yerine alınır.                                                                                                                             

2)    to be eyleminin zamana uygun biçimi kullanılır (present, am, is, are, past; was/ were, perfect:been)

3)     Bütün zamanlarda edilgen çatıda eylemin 3. biçimi kullanılır. İngilizce eylemler genelde kurallı (work,
             worked, worked) ve kuralsız (write, wrote, written) olarak ikiye ayrılır. Kuralsız eylemleri sırası geldikçe
             öğrenmek gerekir.

Etken tümce (active)                                            Edilgen tümce (passive)

The secretary writes the letter                            The letter is written (by the secretary)

The secretary wrote the letter                                             The letter was written.

The secretary is writing the letter                                       The letter is being written

The secretary was writing the letter.                  The letter was being written.

The secretary will have written the letter.         The letter will have been written.

The secretary will write the letter.                                      The letter will be written.

The secretary will be writing the letter.             The letter will be being written.

The secretary has written the letter.                  The letter has been written.

The secretary had written the letter.                  The letter had been written.

Eylemlerle ve zamanlarla ilgili olarak anımsanması gereken kimi noktalar :

1)     ingilizcede kimi eylemler genel olarak -ing almazlar. Bunları sürekli (continuous) zamanlarda
              kullanmamaya özen gösterilmesi gerekir. En önemlileri şunlardır:

        astonish, appear, believe, belong, dislike, doubt, depend, deserve, concern, consist, contain, feel,      
              guess, hate, hear, impress, imagine, like, love, know, mean, measure, own, owe, prefer, please,
              possess, realize, recognise, remember, satisfy, surprise, suppose, see, smell, sound, seem,
              understand, think, taste, wish, weigh, want.

2)     Kimi eylemlerden sonra ikinci bir eylem kullanıldığında ikinci eylem -ing biçimini alır.

                   I enjoyed reading that novel.

                   He admitted stealing the book.

-ing ile kullanılan öteki eylemlerden en önemlileri:

admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, give up,
     go on, imagine, keep on, mention, mind, postpone, practice, recollect, resist, resent, suggest, stop,
     understand, be worth.

3)     Kimi eylemler ikinci eylemin mastar biçiminde kullanılmasını gerektirir.

                   I advised him to take the exam again.

                   The teacher allowed us to use a dictionary.

Bu eylemlerin başlıcaları advise, allow, cause, command, encourage, force, get, instruct, oblige, order,
      persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn.

4)     ilgeçten sonra eylemin -ing biçimi kullanılmalıdır.

                         He went to the cinema instead of going to school.

                         After attending the lecture she went home.

5)     Zamanlarla kullanılan zaman zarflarına da dikkat edilmelidir.

I am writing now.

He wrote a letter yesterday.

I have been writing a letter for 20 minutes.

I'll see you tomorrow.